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Tiberian Hebrew is the canonical pronunciation of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh committed to writing by Masoretic scholars living in the Jewish community of Tiberias in ancient Judea . They wrote in the form of Tiberian vocalization,〔(Tiberian Hebrew Phonology: Focussing on Consonant Clusters, Andries W. Coetzee )〕 which employed diacritics added to the Hebrew letters: vowel signs and consonant diacritics (nequdot) and the so-called accents (two related systems of cantillation signs or te'amim). These together with the marginal notes masora magna and masora parva make up the Tiberian apparatus. Though the written vowels and accents came into use only c. 750 CE, the oral tradition they reflect is many centuries older, with ancient roots. Although not in common use today, the Tiberian pronunciation of Hebrew is considered by textual scholars to be the most exact and proper pronunciation of the language as it preserves all of the original Semitic consonantal and vowel sounds of ancient Hebrew. == Sources == Today's Hebrew grammar books do not teach the Tiberian Hebrew described by the early grammarians. The prevailing view is that of David Qimchi's system of dividing the graphic signs into "short" and "long" vowels. The values assigned to the Tiberian vowel signs reveals a Sephardi tradition of pronunciation (the dual quality of qames (אָ) as , ; the pronunciation of simple ''sheva'' (אְ) as ). The phonology of Tiberian Hebrew can be gleaned from the collation of various sources: * The Aleppo Codex of the Hebrew Bible and ancient manuscripts of the Tanakh cited in the margins of early codices, all which preserve direct evidence in a graphic manner of the application of vocalization rules—e.g. the widespread use of chateph vowels where one would expect simple ''sheva'', thus clarifying the color of the vowel pronounced under certain circumstances. Most prominent are the use of chateph chireq in five words under a consonant that follows a guttural vocalized with regular chireq (as described by Israel Yeivin); and even the anomalous use of the raphe sign over letters that do not belong to בגדכפ"ת or א"ה. * The explicit statements found in grammars of the 10th and 11th Centuries C.E., including: the ''Sefer haQoloth'' of Moshe ben Asher (published by N. Allony); the ''Sefer Dikdukei ha-Te'amim'' (Grammar or Analysis of the Accents) of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher; the anonymous works entitled ''Horayath haQoré'' (G. Khan and Ilan Eldar attribute it to the Karaite Abu Alfaraj Harun); the ''Treatise on the Schwa'' (published by Kurt Levy from a Genizah fragment in 1936), and ''Ma'amar haschewa'' (published from Genizah material by Allony); the works of medieval Sephardi grammarians including Abraham Ibn Ezra and Judah ben David Hayyuj. In the last two it is evident that the chain of transmission is breaking down, or that their interpretations are influenced by local tradition. * Ancient manuscripts that preserve similar dialects of Hebrew or Palestinian Aramaic, but which are vocalized in Tiberian signs in a "vulgar" manner, and which reveal a phonetic spelling rather than a phonemic spelling. These include the so-called "pseudo-Ben Naphtali" or "Palestinian-Sephardi" vocalized manuscripts, which generally conform to the rules enumerated below—for example pronouncing ''sheva'' as before consonantal yod, as in בְּיִ. * Other traditions such as the vocalization of the Land of Israel and (to a lesser extent) the Babylonian vocalization. Each community (Palestinian, Tiberian, Babylonian) developed systems of notation for pronunciation in each dialect, some of which are common among these traditions. * Transcriptions of Biblical text into Arabic characters and then vocalized with Tiberian signs (by members of the Karaite community); these provide an aid to pronouncing Tiberian Hebrew, especially for syllable structure and vowel length (which is marked in Arabic by matres lectionis and the sign sukun). * Various oral traditions, especially that of Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation and the Karaite tradition; both have preserved old features that correspond to Tiberian tradition, such as the pronunciation of schwa according to its proximity to gutturals or yod. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tiberian Hebrew」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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